Calculate the covariance between two variables. Covariance measures the joint variability of two random variables, indicating whether they tend to increase or decrease together.
Calculate the covariance between two variables. Covariance measures the joint variability of two random variables, indicating whether they tend to increase or decrease together.
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Covariance is the average of the product of deviations from each variable's mean. Positive covariance means variables tend to move in the same direction; negative means opposite directions.
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Covariance is the average of the product of deviations from each variable's mean. Positive covariance means variables tend to move in the same direction; negative means opposite directions.
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